Birthstones: A Complete Guide to the 12 Gemstones, Month by Month
You may have already heard of “birthstones” without necessarily knowing exactly what they represent. In gemology, there are 12 birthstones, one for each month of the year—sometimes several, depending on tradition or the corresponding zodiac sign.
Birthstones are far from a recent invention. Their symbolism and meanings date back to Antiquity, where religion, popular beliefs, and astrology intersected.
What Is the History of Birthstones?
The history of birthstones dates back to Antiquity, although the tradition of wearing a gemstone associated with one’s birth month truly began in 18th-century Poland. The Bible mentions that ancient Jewish priests wore a ceremonial breastplate adorned with 12 gemstones symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel. However, it remains difficult to determine whether these gemstones corresponded exactly to those now recognized as birthstones. Gem identification methods were limited at the time, meaning that a sapphire could easily be mistaken for lapis lazuli, or apatite for tourmaline.
The connection between these twelve biblical gemstones and modern birthstones was not immediate; it actually originated in astrology. The association between the twelve stones of the breastplate and the twelve zodiac signs was established through the writings of two men: Flavius Josephus in the 1st century AD and Saint Jerome in the 5th century AD.
Why Are Birthstones Said to Have Magical Powers?
The underlying belief is that each of the twelve birthstones possesses unique powers and resonates with a specific zodiac sign. Wearing these gemstones at the appropriate time was believed to give them both talismanic and healing properties. During the Middle Ages, spirituality and beliefs surrounding the virtues of precious stones reached their peak. Noblemen would wear a different gemstone each month to benefit from its supposed powers. Today, the twelve birthstones are most commonly associated with a specific month of the year.
When Did the Birthstone Tradition Begin?
The tradition of assigning a precious stone to each month of the year became widespread in the 18th century, following the arrival of Jewish gemstone merchants in Poland. They popularized the practice of wearing a gemstone corresponding to one’s birth month.
The modern “official” list of the 12 birthstones, as we know it today, was established in the 20th century by the National Association of Jewelers in the United States. Since then, the list has remained largely unchanged, apart from a few occasional updates, including the addition of new gemstones over time.
Interestingly, when both Chinese and Western zodiac signs are taken into account, each person may be associated with two or three different birthstones—offering plenty of choice!
WHAT ARE BIRTHSTONES AND WHAT IS THEIR MEANING?
January Birthstone: Garnet
For the first month of the year, the main birthstone is garnet, an association that dates back to the Middle Ages. Because of its deep red colour and symbolic connection with blood, this gemstone was once believed to heal wounds and blood-related illnesses. It was also said to protect against snake bites thanks to its supposed antivenom properties.
This red gemstone was formerly known as a “carbuncle”, a name derived from the Latin word meaning “small ember”. The name “garnet” may also be linked to the colour of the pomegranate fruit.
Today, garnet is traditionally associated with strength, loyalty, courage, truth, self-confidence and energy. Although red is its traditional colour as a birthstone, garnet actually offers a much broader palette. Natural garnets can be found in almost every colour, from yellow and green to black—with one exception: natural blue garnet does not exist. To benefit from the virtues traditionally attributed to this gemstone, the iconic red variety is generally preferred.
Garnet is believed to promote a sense of well-being, boost energy and ease nervousness. In matters of love, it is also said to rekindle passion, making garnet jewellery an ideal Valentine’s Day gift.
Some months are associated with more than one birthstone, and January is one of them. Tsavorite is also linked to this month. It is actually a variety of green garnet, which explains why it belongs to the same birthstone family. Its name comes from Tsavo National Park in Kenya, and it is highly sought after in fine jewellery. Tsavorite traditionally symbolises abundance and prosperity. Closely connected with nature, its vibrant green colour further reinforces this symbolism.
Garnet is mined in various regions around the world, particularly in India, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania.
The Story of Garnet
Red garnet is undoubtedly the best-known variety. Celebrated since Antiquity, this gemstone appears in both ancient tales and Greek mythology. A symbol of loyalty, truth and light, garnet is also described as such in Jewish and Islamic traditions.
Its supposed virtues are not the only reason for its enduring fame. These gemstones, admired for their incomparable beauty, were worn by the Vikings as funerary ornaments believed to guide the deceased to Valhalla. In Europe, garnet reached the height of its popularity during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Garnet Characteristics
Although garnets occur in many different colours, all varieties share the same crystal structure and a similar chemical composition, consisting of aluminium or calcium silicates. The presence of various colouring elements—including chromium, magnesium and iron—explains this remarkable diversity of shades. Garnet can occur in nearly 40 different colours, including green, yellow, pink and brown.
Each garnet variety has a specific name depending on its colour, as seen with tsavorite. For example, there are two distinct varieties of green garnet: tsavorite and demantoid garnet, the latter having been discovered in 1855.
How to Care for Garnet
All garnets should be protected from extreme temperatures, as thermal shock may damage the gemstone. Garnet jewellery should therefore be removed before exposure to intense heat, such as in a sauna, while cooking or during prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. To clean garnet safely, simply use lukewarm soapy water.
February Birthstone: Amethyst
Amethyst is the birthstone for February. According to legend, this purple gemstone connects human beings with the Divine. Considered a meditation stone, it is believed to bring inner peace and greater clarity when facing difficult situations. Its traditional virtues do not end there, as it is also said to ward off nightmares and negative thoughts.
Since Antiquity, amethyst was believed to protect people from the effects of drugs and alcohol—an ancient hangover remedy of sorts. At the time, it was common to drink from cups carved from amethyst, as people believed the gemstone could lessen the harmful effects of alcohol.
The virtues traditionally associated with amethyst include calm, fulfilment, concentration and serenity.
Unlike January, February has only one birthstone: amethyst. Its name comes from the Greek word Amethystos, meaning “to protect against drunkenness”. It is actually a variety of macrocrystalline quartz, which means it is composed of large crystals. Amethyst is simply the name given to purple quartz, just as yellow quartz is known as citrine, while rose quartz retains its own name.
The February birthstone is not always purple: its colour can range from transparent pink to deep violet, depending on the concentration of iron, the colouring element responsible for its distinctive hue.
Amethyst is found on every continent, and its characteristics vary according to its origin. Uruguayan amethyst is renowned for its beauty, Brazilian amethyst is particularly abundant, while Siberian amethyst is distinguished by its highly sought-after deep violet colour. Although the historic Siberian deposits are now depleted, the term “Siberian amethyst” is still used to describe any intensely violet amethyst, even when it does not actually originate from Siberia.
The Story of Amethyst
A myth surrounding the origin of this divinely coloured gemstone is linked to the god of wine—Dionysus in Greek mythology and Bacchus in Roman mythology. Something of a “bad boy” in ancient mythology, this god’s mission was to put an end to human sorrow and suffering. However, his love of power and intoxication often led him to commit misdeeds after drinking a few cups of wine.
One day, while drunk, he was offended by a mortal and vowed to take revenge on the first person he encountered. Amethyst, a beautiful and innocent young woman, was the first to cross his path. In a fit of rage, he decided to attack her with two hungry tigers. Artemis, the goddess of the wilderness, hunting and childbirth, witnessed this injustice and transformed Amethyst into a quartz statue to protect her, preventing Dionysus from reaching her. Overcome with fury, he collapsed and spilt his cup of wine over the pure quartz statue, creating the distinctive violet colour of amethyst.
Throughout history, many supernatural powers have been attributed to amethyst, including the ability to cure every ailment. Leonardo da Vinci believed that it could dispel negative thoughts and sharpen the intellect.
Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian and author of what is considered the world’s first encyclopaedia, described amethyst as a protection against witchcraft. He also believed that it could attract the favour of princes towards its wearer. According to him, these powers could be activated by engraving the name of the moon or the sun onto the gemstone before wearing it as a pendant.
Amethyst has long been a symbol of power. Kings, queens, pharaohs and Roman emperors all wore this divine colour. This prestigious heritage explains why the medieval Catholic clergy believed that amethyst could encourage chastity—a tradition that can still be seen today, as bishops sometimes wear amethyst rings.
Amethyst Characteristics
Colour is the most important factor in determining the value of an amethyst. The highest prices are generally associated with gemstones displaying the most intense colour: a transparent, pure and sometimes dark violet that leans neither towards blue nor red, although these undertones remain popular with some connoisseurs.
It is almost impossible to see an inclusion with the naked eye in an amethyst, as this gemstone naturally contains very few. Amethyst is also highly appreciated by gem cutters, allowing it to be fashioned into a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The main criteria used to assess the price of an amethyst remain its colour and brilliance.
Amethyst in Crystal Healing
In crystal healing, amethyst is traditionally recommended to help combat addictive behaviours involving tobacco, alcohol, drugs or even coffee. It is considered an “anti-anxiety” stone believed to promote fulfilment and well-being. According to crystal healing practitioners, placing amethyst in a room may help purify the space and encourage deeper, more restful sleep.
How to Care for Amethyst
When exposed to overly intense light for prolonged periods, some varieties of amethyst may gradually lose their colour. It is therefore advisable to store amethyst jewellery away from direct sunlight to preserve the gemstone’s natural violet hue.
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March Birthstone: Aquamarine
Known as the sailors’ gemstone, aquamarine is the birthstone for March. It earned this nickname because it was believed to protect sea travellers from various dangers. According to ancient beliefs, its unique colour gave it purifying properties. It was also said to protect lovers and stimulate creativity.
The name “aquamarine” comes from the Latin words aqua, meaning “water”, and marinus, meaning “of the sea”. It was named after its unique and soothing blue colour. The virtues traditionally associated with the March birthstone include calm, youth, serenity and hope—qualities that, with the exception of youth, would certainly be welcome during a voyage at sea.
Aquamarine is traditionally believed to act on the throat chakra, which is associated with inner and external communication, making it a supposed ally against respiratory problems. This blue gemstone is also said to encourage letting go and promote more peaceful relationships with others. It is also associated with the heart chakra, bringing love, comfort and tenderness. Aquamarine is therefore considered an ideal gemstone for couples, believed to help them overcome conflict and strengthen self-esteem. When worn as a pendant, it is said to act as a lucky charm and bring joy to romantic relationships.
The Story of Aquamarine
Aquamarine appears in both Greek and Roman mythology. Its colour, reminiscent of moving waves, was believed to protect people during sea voyages, particularly from the wrath of Poseidon, god of the seas and oceans.
According to Pliny the Elder, author of what is considered the world’s first encyclopaedia, this gemstone came from the buried treasures of mermaids. Thanks to its remarkable clarity and transparency, aquamarine was used to make crystal balls during the Middle Ages. Mediums who wore it were believed to possess enhanced powers of clairvoyance. Interestingly, aquamarine is traditionally given as a gift to celebrate a 19th wedding anniversary.
In Chinese beliefs, aquamarine was said to help those suffering from illness or misfortune. It was also associated with Kuan Yin, the goddess of compassion and mercy and the protector of children.
During the Middle Ages, when poisoning was a common threat, wearing aquamarine was believed to offer protection against it. The gemstone was also attributed healing properties. After being soaked in water for several hours, it was reportedly used as a traditional remedy for eye disorders and hiccups.
Brazil remains the world’s largest producer of aquamarine, although the gemstone can be found on every continent. Interestingly, aquamarine deposits also exist in France, particularly in Brittany, Limousin and Auvergne.
Aquamarine Characteristics
Aquamarine belongs to the beryl family. It is simply a blue variety of beryl whose distinctive colour gives the gemstone its name. Iron is the colouring element responsible for its hue.
Aquamarine ranges in colour from transparent blue to deep blue-green, although jewellers particularly appreciate gemstones displaying a lagoon-blue shade. Its chemical composition includes silica, aluminium, beryllium, iron and copper. Aquamarine is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Traditional Benefits of Aquamarine
Note: in the original text, this section had the same heading as the previous one (“The Story of Aquamarine”), creating a duplicate even though it concerns the virtues attributed to the gemstone rather than a second historical section. The heading has therefore been renamed to remain consistent with the “Crystal Healing” section used for amethyst.
Aquamarine is traditionally worn directly against the skin. It is believed to soothe coughs and respiratory or vocal-cord problems, making it particularly appealing to singing enthusiasts. Its supposed virtues are not limited to the chest: aquamarine is also said to ease migraines and eye pain. In keeping with its original role as a protective gemstone for sailors, it is traditionally believed to help relieve motion sickness, whether experienced at sea, in a car or on a bus.
According to crystal healing practitioners, water in which aquamarine has been soaked can be applied directly to the skin as a remedy for eczema, skin irritation or acne.
These supposed benefits are based on traditional beliefs and crystal healing practices. They should never replace professional medical advice, particularly regarding any application to the skin.
How to Care for Aquamarine
Aquamarines generally require no special care. These durable gemstones can withstand everyday wear. If an aquamarine becomes dull or cloudy, the best way to restore its brilliance is to soak it for a few minutes in warm water with a few drops of washing-up liquid.
April Birthstone: White Sapphire
White sapphire is the birthstone for April. This gemstone belongs to the corundum family and is frequently mistaken for a diamond. Although sapphire is generally known for its blue colour, it can actually range from colourless to pale blue. A symbol of freedom and purity, white sapphire is traditionally associated with wisdom and strength of mind.
The virtues attributed to white sapphire include calm, mental focus, open-mindedness and joy. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, sapphire can scratch every mineral except diamond—the only naturally occurring mineral on Earth that is harder.
The name “corundum” originates from the Indian word corundum, historically used to describe large, dull-looking stones before they were cut and polished.
This gemstone is also known as leucosapphire and represents the purest form of corundum. White sapphire owes its lack of colour to the absence of the colouring elements normally found in other varieties of corundum. It is often used as a more affordable alternative to diamond. Although white sapphire occurs in most corundum deposits, gem-quality specimens remain rare. The main white sapphire deposits are located in Myanmar, Thailand and Sri Lanka.
The Story of White Sapphire
From Antiquity through to the Middle Ages, blue sapphire was commonly mistaken for lapis lazuli. It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that these two gemstones were clearly distinguished from one another. Today, the name “sapphire” applies to all gemstones in the corundum family, except for red varieties, which are known as rubies. Interestingly, when the term “sapphire” is used on its own, it generally refers to a blue gemstone. A colourless corundum is specifically described as a “white sapphire”.
Unlike many other birthstones, white sapphire has no legends or historical stories of its own. Throughout history, clear and colourless corundum may have been mistaken for diamond or rock crystal, a colourless variety of quartz widely used in Antiquity. It is therefore difficult to find historical evidence or myths specifically associated with white sapphire.
What is known, however, is that it has historically been considered an April birthstone and is also associated with the zodiac sign Taurus. Other gemstones are now sometimes presented as birthstones for this spring month, but white sapphire remains a key reference.
White Sapphire Characteristics
White sapphire has become increasingly popular in recent years. Its resemblance to diamond is such that it is now frequently used in engagement rings as a visually similar yet more affordable alternative. Interestingly, white sapphire is traditionally given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
White sapphire shares several optical characteristics with diamond: it also disperses light and generally contains few visible inclusions. These qualities make it a particularly appealing gemstone for fine jewellery.
How to Care for White Sapphire
Sapphire is a durable gemstone, but its precious nature still calls for a few precautions when cleaning it. Harsh chemicals should be avoided. Steam cleaners and ultrasonic cleaning, however, are generally suitable for white sapphire.
May Birthstone: Emerald
Emerald is the birthstone for May. This gemstone, renowned for its unique and unmistakable colour, is often associated with the Holy Grail and with Cleopatra, who is said to have presented high-ranking dignitaries with portraits of herself engraved on emeralds. Traditionally, this gemstone is believed to encourage friendship and strengthen romantic bonds. According to popular belief, an emerald necklace or ring symbolises enduring love within a couple.
The virtues traditionally associated with emerald include calm, serenity, protection, youth and wisdom. It was believed to help its wearer remain youthful for longer—without making them eternally young! According to legend, this may explain Cleopatra’s particular fondness for this gemstone.
The name “emerald” comes from the Greek word smaragdos, meaning “green gemstone”. Until the 18th century, this term was used to describe all green gemstones. Similar confusion existed for rubies and sapphires, as all blue stones were once called “sapphires”, while red stones were described as “rubies”.
Emerald belongs to the beryl family, just like aquamarine, the March birthstone. Its colouring elements are chromium, vanadium and iron. The combination of these elements in varying concentrations gives emerald its distinctive colour. Its shades range from pastel green to intense green, sometimes with undertones of blue, grey, yellow or brown.
Emeralds are found in several regions around the world. Egypt’s historic deposits are now depleted. Since the 16th century, Colombian emeralds have taken their place, having been brought to Europe by the conquistadors and quickly gaining widespread admiration. Colombia remains the world’s leading source of emeralds today. The second largest deposit is located in Zambia and was discovered in 1931. Other emerald deposits can also be found in Pakistan, Russia, Zimbabwe and Afghanistan.
The Story of Emerald
Scientists estimate that Egypt’s emerald mines may have existed as early as 3500 BC. They were rediscovered in 1816 by Frédéric Cailliaud, a French mineralogist and explorer. It is therefore possible that Greek miners were already extracting emeralds during the reign of Alexander the Great.
Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, had a well-known fondness for emeralds, inspiring the creation of magnificent jewellery and portraits of herself engraved on the gemstone. To the Egyptians, emerald represented far more than a precious stone: it was a source of genuine national pride. These Egyptian deposits are still known as “Cleopatra’s Emerald Mines”, even though they were actually discovered long before the pharaoh was born.
Emerald Characteristics
As with diamonds, four main criteria determine the quality and selection of an emerald: colour purity, brilliance, clarity and transparency. Colour remains the defining feature of this gemstone and is therefore a criterion that should never be overlooked.
How to Choose an Emerald
A beautiful emerald should be neither too light nor too dark—the key lies in finding the right balance. Its colour should not lean too heavily towards either green or blue, with a perfectly balanced blue-green tone generally considered ideal. The quality of the light reflected by the gemstone is also important: depending on the emerald, it may appear soft, warm, fiery or silky.
Emerald inclusions are generally visible to the naked eye, particularly when they are large. They are commonly known as the gemstone’s jardin, or “garden”. Although inclusions affect an emerald’s value, their visible presence is accepted in this gemstone, unlike in many other precious stones. Experienced gem cutters know how to cut and set an emerald in ways that minimise or even conceal these inclusions.
How to Care for Emerald
This rare gemstone requires particularly delicate cleaning to avoid altering its natural structure. Since inclusions are normal in emeralds, they should never be removed or reduced through aggressive cleaning methods. It is best to keep cleaning as gentle and simple as possible or entrust your emerald jewellery to a specialist who can care for it professionally.
June Birthstone: Pink Sapphire
Pink sapphire is the birthstone for June. Its vibrant and unmistakable pink colour makes it a precious and highly sought-after gemstone, symbolising beauty, wisdom, purity and love.
Pink sapphire belongs to the corundum family. The name “sapphire” derives from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning “blue”—a reference to blue sapphire, undoubtedly the best-known variety in the world. However, few people realise that sapphires occur in almost every colour. These varieties share the same properties as blue sapphire while often remaining more affordable.
The virtues traditionally associated with pink sapphire include wisdom, purity, love and beauty. This gemstone is particularly admired for its colour and was once believed to bring honesty, happiness and loyalty. It is especially prized in Asia because its hue evokes the lotus flower, a powerful symbol in Asian culture.
Pink sapphires are found in Madagascar, Burma—now known as Myanmar—East Africa and Sri Lanka.
The Story of Pink Sapphire
Before the 1990s, pink sapphire was considered a rare gemstone. The discovery and development of new deposits in Madagascar made it more widely available around the world.
Pink sapphires also gained popularity thanks to Queen Elizabeth II, who owned a flower-shaped brooch featuring diamond-set petals and a magnificent pink sapphire at its centre. Grace Kelly, the celebrated American actress, was also fond of these gemstones, and many jewellers continue to draw inspiration from her floral pink sapphire jewellery today.
Due to the historical difficulty of distinguishing between gemstones of similar colours, pink corundums have no specific legends or myths of their own. They were frequently misidentified and mistaken for other gemstones displaying the same hue.
Pink Sapphire Characteristics
Pink sapphires are frequently heat-treated to remove unwanted colour tones and reduce certain irregularities. Following treatment, the gemstone displays a silkier lustre and improved clarity.
Unlike diamonds and their 4Cs, corundums do not have such precise and standardised grading criteria. They are assessed primarily according to their quality and colour, with the final choice largely depending on personal preference. Pink sapphires occur in many different shades. One example is the padparadscha sapphire, distinguished by its unique pinkish-orange colour, which has virtually no equivalent among other gemstones.
Rubies also belong to the corundum family and are, by definition, red corundums. An ongoing debate surrounds sapphires with a pinkish-red hue: should they be classified as rubies or sapphires? The question remains unresolved, and the answer often depends on the conventions applied by individual gemmologists and laboratories.
How to Care for Pink Sapphire
Sapphire is the second-hardest natural mineral in the world, surpassed only by diamond, making it very difficult to scratch. Nevertheless, this gemstone remains sensitive to thermal shock and chemicals. It is therefore advisable to remove your pink sapphire jewellery before cleaning or cooking.
July Birthstone: Ruby
The July birthstone is the second red gemstone of the year: the ruby. Its intense, fiery colour makes it the ultimate symbol of passion. For centuries, ruby has been worn as a lucky charm believed to ward off misfortune. Soldiers would notably adorn their swords or shields with rubies in the hope that the gemstone would bring them luck and ensure victory in battle.
Ruby is traditionally believed to encourage perseverance, giving its wearer courage, determination and confidence. It is also a powerful symbol of love and passion, which explains why many engagement rings feature this precious gemstone. The virtues associated with the July birthstone include luck, protection and love.
The word “ruby” comes from the Latin ruber, the etymological root of the word “red”. Before the development of scientific gemology, all red gemstones were indiscriminately called “rubies”, whether they were genuine rubies or other gems such as garnets. In Antiquity, red gemstones were known as carbunculus, meaning “small ember”, while the ancient Greeks called them anthrax, literally meaning “burning coal”.
Both names refer to embers because of the vivid red glow these gemstones display when exposed to an intense light source—a radiance seen in rubies, garnets and spinels alike.
Ruby belongs to the corundum family, just like sapphire. Corundum encompasses all rubies and sapphires. These are allochromatic minerals, meaning that they are colourless in their pure state. Their colour comes from colouring elements present in their chemical composition: blue sapphire owes its hue to titanium and iron, while ruby receives its colour from chromium and iron.
Ruby is essentially red, although it may display secondary hues such as violet, pink or orange. However, pink or orange “fancy-coloured” sapphires are not rubies. They may instead be padparadscha sapphires or so-called “sunset-red” sapphires. By definition, a ruby remains red.
The oldest known source of rubies is Sri Lanka, where they were known to the Greeks and Romans as early as around 480 BC. Myanmar remains their most iconic origin. Although its historic deposit is now depleted, it produced some of the finest rubies ever discovered.
A ruby of exceptional colour and transparency is known as a “pigeon’s blood” ruby. Deposits still exist in Myanmar, a country so closely associated with this gemstone that the kings of Burma—the country’s former name—were once known as the “Lords of the Jewels”. Other ruby deposits can be found in Afghanistan, China, India, Cambodia, Kenya, Madagascar, Pakistan and Thailand.
The Story of Ruby
Known as the “King of Precious Stones”, ruby has represented passion, romance and love since ancient times. This gemstone is associated with numerous myths. When contemplating a ruby, the people of ancient India believed they could see an eternal flame symbolising longevity.
During the Middle Ages, ruby was thought to possess prophetic powers, as people believed that it would darken to warn of an impending disaster. This was not its only supposed benefit: ruby was also said to bring good luck in games of chance.
The Burmese wore rubies as talismans believed to protect them from accidents, injuries and illness. They regarded the gemstone as a genuine drop of blood from the Earth.
Ruby Characteristics
What do you think is the rarest gemstone? Diamond? Emerald? It is actually ruby, a gemstone that is rarer and often more expensive than either of them. As with all precious stones, the purer the colour, the more difficult the gemstone is to find.
Rubies almost always display a secondary hue—pink, violet, purple or orange—making a ruby with a completely pure red colour exceptionally rare. The gemstone is described as dichroic, meaning that it can display two different colours depending on the viewing angle.
A perfectly red ruby is rare, as is a ruby entirely free from inclusions. Chromium, the colouring element responsible for its red hue, also plays a significant role in the formation of inclusions as the gemstone crystallises, although it is not their only cause. Sapphires generally contain fewer inclusions than rubies.
These inclusions should not automatically be regarded as flaws, as they can sometimes enhance the gemstone’s beauty. This is particularly true of certain microscopic titanium inclusions, which can improve the play of light within a ruby and therefore increase its beauty and value.
How to Care for Ruby
Unlike emeralds, for example, rubies can generally be cleaned safely using steam or ultrasonic methods. Ruby is the second-hardest natural gemstone after diamond.
However, extra care is required if your ruby has been enhanced by human intervention—particularly if cavities, cracks or fractures have been filled—as these treatments can make it more sensitive to heat and scratches.
August Birthstone: Peridot
Peridot is the birthstone for August. Traditionally regarded as a symbol of protection, it is said to have been used by pirates during their voyages at sea. It also played a role in traditional medicine: the ancient Egyptians used it for healing purposes and called it the “Gem of the Sun”. According to these ancient beliefs, peridot could help overcome heartbreak and protect against the evil eye.
The virtues traditionally associated with peridot include self-confidence and inner peace.
Peridot is distinguished by its beautiful light green colour. One legend even claims that Cupid’s arrows were carved from this gemstone.
The name “peridot” may derive from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “precious stone”. Its origin remains uncertain, however, as some theories instead connect it to the Old English word peridote, meaning “bright point”. Because of its colour, peridot was long confused with olivine or chrysolite. As reliable gem identification methods only began to develop in the 18th century, gemstones with similar colours were frequently mistaken for one another.
The August birthstone occurs only in shades of green. It is described as idiochromatic, meaning that its colour comes from its own chemical composition rather than from an external colouring element. Iron is responsible for its green hue, which may be intensified by the presence of chromium or nickel. Peridot belongs to the silicate mineral family.
A Rare Optical Phenomenon: The Cat’s-Eye Effect
Some gemstones can display an optical phenomenon known as the “cat’s-eye effect”, and peridot is one of them, although this effect is extremely rare in this gemstone. It appears as a narrow band of reflected light across the surface of the stone, caused by fine needle-like inclusions that reflect light.
This luminous line moves as the light source changes position, giving the phenomenon its name because it resembles the shifting pupil of a cat’s eye.
Where Is Peridot Found?
In Antiquity, people believed that peridot came from only one place in the world: St John’s Island in the Red Sea. Other deposits have since been discovered and now produce some of the world’s finest peridots, particularly those from Kashmir, as well as deposits in Arizona, Pakistan and China.
Kashmir peridots are especially sought after for their intense green colour and exceptional brilliance. However, their availability remains extremely limited. The mine is located in a remote Himalayan region in north-western Kashmir and can only be worked from June to September because of the climate. Unlike other birthstones found more widely around the world, peridot therefore remains a relatively localised gemstone.
The Story of Peridot
The ancient Egyptians regarded peridot as the “Gem of the Sun”, so it is hardly surprising that it is said to have been one of Cleopatra’s favourite gemstones, given her well-known fondness for green gems.
Formerly known as chrysolite, peridot is mentioned in the Bible as one of the twelve gemstones used in the foundations of the city of Jerusalem and as one of the stones adorning Aaron’s breastplate.
Admired for centuries, peridot is associated with numerous myths. It was believed to increase the effectiveness of medicinal potions, relieve liver ailments, encourage friendship, make its wearer more eloquent and free the mind from the sin of envy.
To benefit from these supposed virtues, Marbodius of Rennes—Bishop of Rennes and author of the Lapidarius, a treatise on the properties of minerals—recommended piercing the gemstone, threading it onto a hair taken from a donkey’s tail and wearing it as a bracelet on the left arm.
Peridot Characteristics
This gemstone is not limited to a single shade of green. Its colour ranges from lime green to deeper, more intense tones. Whether inclusions are visible to the naked eye depends mainly on the size of the gemstone. Inclusions generally remain invisible in smaller stones, while very fine inclusions may be visible in larger specimens without usually diminishing their beauty.
How to Care for Peridot
Peridot can be damaged by thermal shock. It is therefore best to protect the gemstone from extreme temperatures and sudden changes in heat.
September Birthstone: Sapphire
The birthstone for September is sapphire. This gemstone is best known for its blue colour and its enduring popularity among royal courts throughout history. Although sapphires occur in many other colours, blue remains their most iconic hue. By convention, the word “sapphire” used on its own refers to the blue variety, while terms such as “pink sapphire” or “yellow sapphire” are used for other colours.
This gemstone is associated with fidelity, which explains its popularity in engagement rings. Diana, Princess of Wales, famously wore an engagement ring set with a magnificent blue sapphire. Sapphire also symbolises purity, immortality and wisdom. Its traditionally associated virtues include truth, meditation, peace, wisdom and loyalty.
The word “sapphire” comes from the Latin sapphirus, itself derived from the Greek sappheiros, meaning “blue”. Other possible origins have also been suggested, including the Hebrew sappir, meaning “noble stone”, and the Sanskrit sanipriya, literally “sacred to Saturn”. This latter association is found in Indian astrology, where sapphire is closely connected with the planet Saturn.
Because gemstone identification methods remained limited until the 18th century, sapphire was long confused with lapis lazuli. The term sappheiros therefore referred more often to lapis lazuli than to sapphire itself, while sapphire was generally known in ancient Greece as hyakinthos.
Like ruby, sapphire belongs to the corundum family. Its colour comes from trace amounts of colouring elements in its chemical composition—including iron, chromium and titanium—which are present in quantities sufficient to colour the entire gemstone.
Where Do Sapphires Come From?
Formerly known as Ceylon, Sri Lanka is home to the oldest known sapphire deposits. The Romans and Greeks already wore sapphires originating from this region. According to legend, King Solomon presented the Queen of Sheba with Sri Lankan sapphires while courting her. Sapphires from this country are still known today as “Ceylon sapphires”.
Sri Lanka is not the only sapphire-producing country. During the 1980s, Australia alone supplied nearly 70% of the world’s sapphires. However, the quality of these gemstones—often considered too dark or slightly greenish—was long regarded as inferior.
Since the 1990s, Madagascar has produced approximately 20% of the world’s sapphires, helping to enhance the country’s reputation within the gemstone industry. Other notable deposits can be found in Kenya, China, Tanzania, Thailand, the United States, Nigeria, Laos and Vietnam.
The Story of Sapphire
Sapphire holds an important place in mythology and religious texts. Like peridot, it appears on Aaron’s breastplate and is counted among the twelve “stones of fire”. It is also considered one of the twelve foundation stones of the city of Jerusalem.
According to a Persian belief, the colour of the sky came from the reflections of sapphire. In Greek mythology, Prometheus is said to have been the first to wear this gemstone when he stole fire from the gods—an act for which he received severe punishment. Nevertheless, sapphire was believed to bring joy and peace to its owner.
Sapphire Characteristics
Sapphires are pleochroic, meaning that they display different hues depending on the angle from which they are viewed. A transparent sapphire may therefore reveal blue-green, blue-violet and pure blue tones.
These colours appear in all their splendour under natural or fluorescent light. Under incandescent white light, however, the sapphire’s colour may appear less vibrant.
Compared with their relative, the ruby, sapphires are generally found in larger sizes and contain fewer inclusions, often giving them greater clarity. Certain microscopic inclusions can also create a distinctive velvety appearance within the sapphire’s colour. Appreciated for their beauty and rarity, these are commonly described as “silky” or “milky” inclusions.
Sapphire in Crystal Healing
In crystal healing, sapphire is traditionally attributed numerous virtues. It is sometimes described as a gemstone associated with visual well-being and the third-eye chakra, which is believed to develop the senses, imagination and creativity. Sapphire is also said to have relaxing properties and to encourage harmonious relationships with others.
These supposed benefits are based on traditional beliefs and crystal healing practices. They should never replace professional medical advice, particularly for concerns involving eyesight, the scalp or any other aspect of health.
How to Care for Sapphire
Sapphire is a durable gemstone, but its precious nature still calls for a few precautions when cleaning it. Harsh chemicals should be avoided. Steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaning, however, are generally suitable for sapphire.
October Birthstone: Pink Tourmaline
Pink tourmaline is the birthstone for October. This magnificent pale pink gemstone is a symbol of creativity. It possesses an unusual property among precious stones: the natural ability to generate static electricity. This characteristic is so distinctive that sailors once used tourmaline to clean their pipes. A symbol of serenity, it is believed to provide lasting calm and emotional balance.
Pink tourmaline is traditionally associated with comfort during times of emotional distress. It is also popular among artists, who believe that it can help stimulate creativity and imagination. Tourmaline occurs in a wide range of colours, but it is specifically the pink variety that is regarded as the true October birthstone.
The virtues traditionally associated with this gemstone include concentration, lasting serenity, calm, comfort and creativity. Its name reflects its remarkable range of colours: it derives from the Sinhalese word turmali, meaning “stone of mixed colours”. It is therefore no coincidence that tourmaline is sometimes known as the “chameleon” of gemstones. Its many different shades have also caused it to be frequently mistaken for other similarly coloured gems.
Tourmaline belongs to the silicate mineral family, and its composition varies from one species to another. The tourmaline group includes around fourteen distinct species. The best known is elbaite, whose colours range from pink and blue to colourless and green. This variety is far more sought after than black or opaque tourmalines. The most common tourmaline colour remains yellowish green. However, not all varieties occur in equal abundance, which explains why some remain exceptionally rare.
Tourmalines are mined in several countries, including Brazil, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar and Tanzania. Beautiful red and green tourmalines are also found in California in the United States.
The Story of Tourmaline
Like sapphire, tourmaline is said to originate from Sri Lanka. According to legend, it descended from the sky to Earth and passed through a rainbow on its journey, acquiring its remarkable variety of colours along the way.
Tourmaline may have been known as early as the 3rd century BC. However, its extensive colour palette caused it to be confused with other gemstones and minerals for centuries, which may explain the relative scarcity of myths and legends specifically associated with it.
As mentioned above, tourmaline can naturally generate static electricity, a property that has made it identifiable in certain ancient accounts and legends. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus described a gemstone he called lyngourion, which could attract pieces of straw and small fragments of wood—a property that, among known gemstones, is characteristic of tourmaline.
Dutch sailors also used it to clean their pipes, referring to the gemstone as asschentrekkers, meaning “ash pullers”. Once again, the stone in question was indeed tourmaline.
Tourmaline was not formally identified as a distinct gemstone until the 19th century. An English merchant gave it its modern name after hearing Sri Lankan miners use the term thuramali to describe coloured stones. This explains why many crown jewels long believed to contain other precious stones were actually set with tourmalines—a confusion made possible by the limited mineralogical knowledge of the time.
Empress Dowager Cixi, who ruled China during the 19th century, was a great admirer of tourmaline. She collected numerous objects crafted from the gemstone and helped popularise its use. It is even said that she still rests today upon a tourmaline pillow.
How to Care for Tourmaline
Tourmaline can generally withstand steam cleaning, but ultrasonic cleaning should be avoided.
November Birthstone: Citrine
The birthstone for November is citrine, a variety of quartz whose colour ranges from yellow to brown. This gemstone is believed to bring joy, transform negative energy into positive energy and improve concentration. Usually displaying a lemon-yellow hue, genuinely natural citrine is relatively rare. It is therefore advisable to request a certificate of authenticity from a recognised gemological laboratory, such as the GIA, to confirm its natural origin and verify that it has not been artificially heat-treated.
The virtues traditionally associated with citrine include energy, self-confidence, optimism and prosperity. The name “citrine” derives from the word “lemon”, in direct reference to its warm colour. As a variety of quartz, citrine is often found in the same deposits as amethyst, while its yellow hue is attributed to the presence of iron.
Another noteworthy gemstone is ametrine, which combines the characteristics of amethyst and citrine within a single crystal. The main citrine-producing countries include Brazil, Madagascar, Uruguay and Mozambique. Ametrine is primarily mined in Bolivia, while some of the purest lemon-yellow citrines notably come from Tanzania and Zambia.
The Story of Citrine
Known since approximately 480 BC, citrine was already highly prized in ancient Greece. The Romans used it to create cabochons and intaglios—designs engraved below the gemstone’s surface.
Since Antiquity, citrine has been regarded as a talisman against the evil eye, a lucky charm and a form of protection against snake bites. Traditional medicinal virtues were also attributed to it, particularly the ability to soothe digestive problems and support the body’s natural defences.
During the Middle Ages, citrine was especially valued by alchemists, who regarded it as a transformative crystal associated with prosperity and clarity of mind. Frequently worn as an amulet, it was believed to protect against the plague and other diseases of the period.
Throughout the centuries, citrine has been associated with wealth and abundance. In some cultures, it symbolised divine protection and blessing. Certain merchants even believed that it attracted prosperity and would place pieces of citrine inside their money chests.
Citrine’s warm glow has always evoked the energy of the sun. As a result, many cultures have symbolically attributed to it the power to bring joy, energy and optimism to its wearer.
These supposed benefits are based on traditional beliefs and crystal healing practices. They should never replace professional medical advice.
How to Care for Citrine
With a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, citrine is sufficiently durable to withstand minor everyday knocks. However, prolonged exposure to intense heat or direct sunlight should be avoided, as this may gradually fade its colour.
Clean your citrine jewellery using lukewarm soapy water and a soft brush. Store it separately from other jewellery to prevent scratches.
Why Give Citrine as a Gift?
Giving citrine is a particularly meaningful way to celebrate a November birthday. As this month’s birthstone, it represents far more than a simple gift thanks to its traditional symbolism and energetic qualities. Associated with joy, prosperity and clarity of mind, citrine makes an ideal gift for marking a new beginning, celebrating an achievement or simply brightening someone’s day.
With warm shades ranging from lemon yellow to golden brown, citrine radiates beautiful, positive energy. Whether chosen for its symbolism, to celebrate a November birthday or simply for its captivating brilliance, this gemstone is sure to delight and enchant its recipient.
December Birthstone: Tanzanite
The birthstone for December is tanzanite. With its vibrant blue-violet colour, it ranks among the world’s most captivating gemstones. It is mined almost exclusively in Tanzania, the country from which its name derives, and owes its popularity to its rarity, distinctive colour and brilliance.
Tanzanite is a variety of zoisite. It has the remarkable ability to change in appearance depending on the angle from which it is viewed, shifting between deep blue and intense violet—a phenomenon known as pleochroism. Its colour is reminiscent of sapphire while retaining a distinctive violet undertone of its own.
The virtues traditionally associated with tanzanite include calm, spiritual awakening and inner transformation. It is also believed to encourage communication, strengthen intuition and inspire compassion. According to these beliefs, people born in December may find this gemstone a source of inspiration for their spiritual development.
Discovered during the 1960s, tanzanite quickly became recognised as one of the most precious gemstones on the market. Its rarity, captivating colour and exclusive geographical origin make it particularly sought after by collectors and jewellery enthusiasts. It is found mainly in the region surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Although relatively new to the world of fine jewellery, tanzanite rapidly won the admiration of gemstone lovers.
The Story of Tanzanite
Tanzanite was discovered in 1967 by a Maasai herder who noticed the gemstone’s brilliance in daylight. Thousands of miners soon arrived in the region, and tanzanite quickly gained popularity around the world.
Tiffany & Co. played a decisive role in raising its international profile, naming the gemstone after its country of origin and marketing it as a rare and exquisite jewel.
How to Care for Tanzanite
With a hardness of between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale, tanzanite is less durable than many other precious gemstones and therefore requires particular care. Clean it with lukewarm water and mild soap, protect it from knocks and avoid wearing it during strenuous physical activities.
Store tanzanite jewellery separately from other pieces to prevent scratches.
Why Give Tanzanite as a Gift?
Tanzanite is an exceptional choice for a memorable gift for someone born in December. It traditionally symbolises love, compassion and spiritual awakening, while its rarity makes it a truly remarkable gemstone to own.
With its mesmerising blue colour illuminated by violet reflections, tanzanite has an immediate allure. Whether chosen to celebrate a December birthday or simply as a personal indulgence, this rare and precious gemstone makes an unforgettable choice.
Why Give a Birthstone as a Gift?
There are many occasions to give jewellery set with a birthstone. It is a particularly meaningful way to celebrate a birth. As a godparent, choosing a gemstone associated with the child’s birth month creates a symbolic gift they can treasure for a lifetime. Many gemstones are also linked to wedding anniversaries. White sapphire, for example, is traditionally given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
For astrology enthusiasts, birthstones carry a special meaning depending on the recipient’s birth month or zodiac sign. They can also make a thoughtful gift for those interested in crystal healing. Whatever the occasion, birthstone jewellery is a unique and personalised birthday gift that will not be forgotten.
Did You Know?
- The emerald cut takes its name from the fact that it was historically the classic cut preferred for emeralds.
- Ruby is traditionally considered one of the four precious gemstones, alongside diamond, sapphire and emerald.
- Sapphire is the astrological gemstone associated with Taurus in Western astrology. In Chinese astrology, it is linked to the Cat or Rabbit, depending on the tradition.
- An exceptional variety of tourmaline known as watermelon tourmaline has a pink centre surrounded by green, giving it an appearance reminiscent of the fruit from which it takes its name.
Maison Celinni offers a wide selection of rings, necklaces and bracelets set with your birthstone.
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FAQ — Your Questions About Birthstones
How can I find my birthstone?
Your birthstone corresponds to your birth month according to the modern list established in the early 20th century by the National Association of Jewelers in the United States. Some people may also have a second gemstone associated with their zodiac sign.
Can a person have more than one birthstone?
Yes. Some months, such as January—with garnet and tsavorite—have several associated birthstones. When Western and Chinese astrology are also taken into account, one person may be linked to two or three different gemstones.
What is the rarest birthstone?
Among the 12 birthstones, tanzanite for December and ruby for July are considered some of the rarest because their deposits are limited to only a few regions of the world.
Can I give birthstone jewellery to a child?
Yes. It is a popular tradition for celebrating a birth. A simple piece of jewellery set with the gemstone corresponding to the child’s birth month makes a lasting and meaningful gift.
Are the virtues of birthstones scientifically proven?
No. The virtues attributed to birthstones come from traditional beliefs and crystal healing practices passed down since Antiquity. They have no recognised scientific basis.
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